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austin_dern

June 2025

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[personal profile] bunnyhugger called down to ask if I'd heard the news about Clementon Park. Clementon, in South Jersey, was shuttered without warning near the end of the 2019 season --- on Customer Appreciation Day! --- and never reopened. It got put up for auction this month. I knew of at least one group that wanted to buy it and run it as an amusement park, but that was a slim hope, especially as it was a group of investors who'd only recently come together and who hadn't run parks before.

She said the park was bought and by someone crazy. Guess who?

My thinking: Well, she's not despairing, so that suggests someone who'd run it as a park. Obviously not Six Flags, since they already have Great Adventure in the area. Also likely not Cedar Fair, since they have Dorney Park, a couple hours' hike but still right in the area. Parques Reunidos, who owns Kennywood, Idlewild, and Dutch Wonderland? ... That would be a bit wild but not crazy. Clementon's the sort of small and ill-used park --- with a history; it opened in 1907 and is one of the dozen or so trolley parks still extant --- that they could take over and maybe revive, the way they'd rescued Story Land in New Hampshire. So I thought of who might be crazy and guessed, ``Knoebels?''

The answer was Indiana Beach. Gene Staples, who'd put together the salvage of Indiana Beach from a sudden unexpected closure at the end of 2019, apparently learned of Clementon in February. So put in the high bid, for about US$2.6 million. The plan apparently is to get the water park at least open by Memorial Day and the rest of the park open as practical.

It's awfully hard to not see this as good news. The group at Indiana Beach has only had one season of running a distressed park, but they managed it, and in (I hope) the worst possible conditions to have an amusement park open. This year won't be easy, but it won't be impossible either. And that they're looking to expand already is ... well, this is probably the cheapest you'll be able to buy any amusement park this decade (and I sorely hope that's true). It's got to be very good news for Clementon. It's hard to think of a better buyer without getting into fantasies.


So now I am again more than six months behind real-time in my photographs, although I think that's still closer to current than I have ever been before. From the Potter Park Zoo at the end of September 2020:

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Donkey wondering if this was the best use of their time.


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And here we see a chicken got into the rabbit enclosure. We did see the chicken going back home across the fence.


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Oh, this rabbit's so dainty; look at how elegantly she holds her forepaw while eating.


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Oh, also there's other rabbits. Did you see? ... And that's a lot of foot, by the way, on the red-eyed white rabbit.


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Grey Flemish Giant (I'm assuming) deciding to rouse herself a little.


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That is a lot of dewlap.


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(Person blocking off the turtle statue kids could sit on before they get bored with sitting) ``I'm helping!''


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Slightly misaligned old sign that would explain something about the name of the African Spurred tortoise if only the bottom slat were nailed in two inches lower down.


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A local black squirrel figured out the red panda enclosure's a cozy place to reside too.


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And here's a red panda yawning at us all.


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Another red panda trying to remember an appointment on the other side of the pen.


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Red panda wondering how it's all come to this, though.


Trivia: England's King Charles II said of Thomas Hobbes --- who had taught him --- coming to court, ``Here comes the beare to be bayted!''. Source: Infinitesimal: How a Dangerous Mathematical Theory Shapes the Modern World, Amir Alexander. If I'm parsing Alexander's writing and reference correctly this seems to have happened just the once. It's still ... well, funny, but you kind of see why Hobbes was like that, then.

Currently Reading: The Disordered Cosmos: A Journey Into Dark Matter, Spacetime, and Dreams Deferred, Chanda Prescod-Weinstein. Um. So, yeah, did not realize there were people who referred to Quantum Chromodynamics, developed in the late 50s through the 60s, as ``colored physics'' and that this was a name picked by people who never imagined talking to a Black person.

So how about amusement park news?

Last time we visited Conneaut Lake Park the park had staggered out of another death event. It was still in bankruptcy but it was functioning, had the water park going, and had its best season in decades. Then the pandemic hit and the place couldn't open at all in 2020, the way no amusement parks should have. This past month, the park got sold.

The new owners are Keldon Holding LLC, which nobody knows all that much about. Shortly after the sale, apparently, people started seeing X marks spray-painted on the most dilapidated of buildings. This is exactly what you'd expect from an owner who figured to demolish the amusement park and build lakeside condos.

Except ...

NewsPlusNotes notes that of the 13 parties interested in Conneaut Lake Park, and 10 that went through with bidding, Keldon Holdings was the only one with a bid okay with the public-use restrictions on the deed. So far as a deed restriction means anything, which is just how much the owner wants to try breaking it. Todd Joseph, at the center of the new buyers, became aware of Conneaut Lake Park as part of a project to turn it into a senior-living community. And (says NewsPlusNotes) then ``fell in love with the property and its potential''. And, marking for demolition the most dilapidated and least-salvageable buildings is what you'd do if you wanted to run the park as a park. Certain people will be enchanted by an amusement park that looks post-apocalyptic but functions. Many more people will look at that and insist the Tilt-a-Whirl is a deathtrap.

The plan then is to get Kiddieland and the water park open in May, pandemic permitting, with cleanup and repair being done as they can. So ... is, possibly, Conneaut Lake Park is not yet dead somehow?


Last we heard about Clementon Park was its death-rattle before the Pandemic. At Customer Appreciation Day for the 2019 season the park didn't open. Nor did it open the remaining few weeks of the 2019 season. It cancelled all season-ticket sales for 2020. And that's about all we could hear, with owner Premier Parks LLC evaporating. The park's being put up for auction, with an inspection day the 19th and final auction the 23rd. Which looks like the final end for one of the oldest parks in the United States.

But then ... NewsPlusNotes today reveals that someone called Fresh Development LLC is trying to put together $7 million to buy and invest in the park. They see a park that could reopen this year and get something like 170,000 visitors and as much as $7.5 million in revenue. There's six other parties known to be interested in the park, but this is the only one that's revealed an interest in running the park as a park. The Philadelphia Inquirer's article says this would be the first investment for Fresh Development, a group of Black investors organized in response to the murder of George Floyd by cops. Melvin Brown, head and organize of the group, worked at Clementon as a teen and thinks he's ``capable of bringing the right resources in and bringing out the best in this park''.

Happy words, at least, in a hard time.


Back to July 2020 photos. Here, some from when I was not just walking around.

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In late July we went to another drive-in, a showing of E.T.. This was in Plymouth, in a temporary drive-in facility set up every summer outside the USA Hockey Arena, which sounds like the name you'd make up to be snarky but is because the USA Hockey Foundation bought the place in 2015. Still. Anyway here's the screen way ahead of showtime.


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The screen being raised into place; you can see how exciting it is to see a still picture of barely-moving hardware.


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The screen almost raised full up; my recollection is it got stuck for a while. Note the patches, just like in a 1930s cartoon showing movie-theater curtains.


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The greenbelt flanking the arena (which had the bathrooms, at the end of long hallways divided in half so there could be a one-way circuit of motion).


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Woodsy areas in-between the parking lot and the arena.


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It's a great lush spot and we worried there might be mosquitoes.


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The World Is Coming! The 2020 International Hockey Federation Under-18 Championship Schedule, frozen in an aspirational amber.


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Wall of hockey federation milestones, along the way into the arena and down to the only open bathrooms.


Trivia: In 1914 the Singer Sewing Machine company had a workforce of 27,000 employees in Russia, including sales representatives who travelled to outermost Siberia. Source: The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea, John Micklethwait, Adrian Wooldridge.

Currently Reading: Lunar Outfitters: Making the Apollo Space Suit, Bill Ayrey. So at one point in 1968 to keep crew assignments confidential (even from the astronauts!) while letting the spacesuit-makers know who they were fitting, NASA and International Latex Corporation worked up a list of code-names for the astronauts, matching each name to a star, and would communicate in memos that used the star names instead. You forget that even at its peak, the space program was also run by seven-year-old boys.

And then more shocking news. This I got from e-mail from [profile] bunny_hugger while she was at work Tuesday. This is only about amusement parks, nothing as serious or intimate as pets or anything.

But Apex Parks Group announced the closing of two parks, this after the search to find a buyer failed. The parks are ones that I've been to once each: Indiana Beach, in Monticello, Indiana, and Fantasy Island, in Grand Island, New York. All of the rides the parks have are listed up for sale; in fact, that news item was the first bit of alarming news to come up about them.

There's a lot of surprise to the bad news there. First that the parks were up for sale. Second that Apex was feeling insecure enough in its finances to not just keep the parks up and running. Third that nobody wanted to buy either park. Indiana Beach had been run almost into the ground by its previous owners but, by every report, had seen a great comeback under Apex. Certainly when we went it seemed healthy enough, as far as you can tell in one visit. Fantasy Island, similarly, looked in great shape even for a day limited by rain. It's a relief we got to both at least once, but it especially hurts that Indiana Beach closed on us. It's just enough farther away than Cedar Point that we never felt like it was a good day trip, but it was doable, and maybe if we had visited more we'd have seen it as a day trip.

I imagine it's possible something will happen, and the parks find a way to open again. I don't see a logical reason why they would, but it's not like anything's been torn down --- yet --- that I know of. But if the parks weren't making enough money as places planned to open in 2020, how much more can we expect from places planned to be closed? And yet apparently the Facebook page of Fun Spot America, which runs three parks in Florida and Georgia, happened to get a comment from someone saying, you guys should buy Indiana Beach and Fantasy Island. And they happened to have a response saying someone there had a flight to Indianapolis that day. Maybe it'll be something. Maybe it'll just let roller coaster fans know Fun Spot America exists and runs these three little parks, two of which have wooden coasters.

This is not the only park closing news of the season. Clementon Park, in New Jersey, abruptly closed in late September, refusing to let patrons in for a customer appreciation day and cancelling all sales for 2020 season passes. I haven't heard of any information about what's going on and whether there's any hope of the park reopening.

And even worse, since it involved actual deaths: La Feria Chapultepec in Mexico City has been closed since October. This after something that never happens, happened: the roller coaster Quimera derailed. It killed two people and injured two more. In the accident investigation it transpired that none of the rides had been properly maintained, and the local government revoked the operation permits. Allegedly they're looking for a new operator, but I haven't heard anything to say that one's been found, or what it might take to get the park up to code. It's possible this will lose Montaña Rusa, their wooden Möbius-strip roller coaster and one of only three like it in the world.

So. I don't know just what's going on here. But this seems abnormally grim a year for amusement parks. I don't think it's just that these were four parks I knew in person; the concentration of closing news seems like a lot. I suppose the La Feria news could have hit anytime, but all the other park closings feel to me like the leading edge of a serious crisis. May it only be one of amusement parks.

As for us? Well, this makes a much higher priority of our getting to Camden Park, in West Virginia. This has been a place we've wanted to get to for each of the last several years, and we've been trying to find some way to piggyback it with any other parks to be less of a long ride for one roller coaster. (Well, one marquee roller coaster; the park has others, plus, of course, a whole park.) Now, we're probably going to just accept we're going to have to drive the long way there and experience the park while it's still with us, even if the ride can't do further duty. Also, Conneaut Lake Park, which has somehow been doing all right without us, becomes a high-priority visit. I'm also considering whether, if work summons me back to New Jersey during the season, going to any small parks available even if I can't go with [profile] bunny_hugger. It seems urgent.

Trivia: Ranger 6, which crashed into the Moon (as designed) without the television camera ever turning on, was the twelfth successive American lunar flight failure. Source: Lunar Impact: The NASA History of Project Ranger, R Cargil Hall. SP-4210.

Currently Reading: Fontaine Fox's Toonerville Trolley, Editors Herb Galewitz, Don Winslow. So now that I've finally read the whole book, do I like it? ... And yes, I do, and found it mostly funny, although I'm not sure I can say why. It's all panel jokes, few of them forming stories (although the strips are presented out of chronological order, bunching together instead by who the star of the day's strip is, and only the occasional reference lets you guess when anything came out), each built around here's the featured character and his or her One Big Thing. Like, having a short temper. Or being incredibly fat. Or having quite long arms. But the jokes are reliably tied into everyone's big named trait, and often fairly ingeniously, and that way, they land. It's a weird experience, really.


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Beside the flying scooters ride is the queue for the Sleigh Ride, a zipline ride that we did not get on. Note that the sign implies this queue would have been the better part of an hour for the ride and we're not that delighted by the idea of a zipline ride anyway.


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A treat from the 80s: a Space Shuttle-themed rocking ship ride; they used to have one much like this in Great Adventure, although it wasn't painted in Air Force livery like that. It's so weird that a space-themed ride in a park near Colorado Springs would go so Air Force crazy like this, isn't it?


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Looking up at the Space Shuttle ride in its flight.


[profile] bunny_hugger e-mailed me explosive news last week. Premier Parks, owners of the Six Flags chain, had put up a bid to buy Cedar Fair, owners of Cedar Point, Michigan's Adventure, Dorney Park, and other such parks. Terrifying news. Not that we like everything about Cedar Fair, but we like the way they run parks more than we like Six Flags's. Well, just look at how the carousels are maintained at, say, Great Adventure versus at Cedar Point. Decades ago Six Flags made a similar bid for Cedar Fair, and got shut down right away. This time? There wasn't such a fast no, and a meeting between Cedar Fair and some group of their own investors got postponed. Unsettling stuff.

Thing is, park operations preferences aside, there'd be good sense to it. If we take the axiom that a bigger company is better off, a Six Flags/Cedar Fair merger would make sense. The companies are in the same line of work, after all, and run parks that are of comparable size and complexity. And both operate mostly in areas that the other chain doesn't. The places where they have parks near one another are in the Philadelphia/New York City metro area, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. These are places that can support several regional parks.

The bubble burst a couple days later. Cedar Fair said Six Flags wasn't offering enough money, and that difference in corporation structures would mean Cedar Fair shareholders would get a lousy tax bill after the sale, and there wasn't any way they could envision Six Flags avoiding that. Which is fine, although [profile] bunny_hugger and I were hoping for a stronger statement to Six Flags, one including a phrase like ``... and the horse you rode in on''. Nobody thinks Six Flags could put up more money, though, not at this time.

(Still, if a merger is logical, it seems like Cedar Fair could go and buy Six Flags. It wouldn't be the weirdest turnaround play. Like I said, it's not as though a Cedar Flags chain would be obviously ridiculous.)

So we at least have that security in our beloved amusement parks. We need it, too. The past month has been bad for news of old places. Clementon Park, in South Jersey, abruptly closed in the middle of September, just before a Customer Appreciation Day (customers showed up to locked gates). They cancelled their Fall Festival. They haven't been selling season passes for next year. Their Facebook page was deleted and their Twitter gone private. There's rumors about the park being up for sale.

Clementon is owned by Premier Parks LLC, which annoyingly is not the Premier Parks that owns Six Flags. It's the one that owns New Elitch Gardens outside Denver, and that up until 2018 operated Darien Lake.

And that's not the only park that we've visited to be going away. Coney Island Cincinati is removing all of its amusement park rides, to focus on its water park side. This is not the first time it did this. After Taft Broadcasting used the name and rides of the original Coney Island to open Kings Island, what remained --- mostly the swimming pool --- stayed open while the company thought what to do with the land. But in time new rides came in, and the swimming pool regenerated an amusement park around it. The park, which can trace activity back to 1870, is staying open I suppose, and that's good, and obviously anything might happen in future.

Lakemont Park barely exists anymore but says they'll open Leap-the-Dips next year. Bowcraft is closed. FunTown Pier's owners might still be talking about rebuilding but I don't see how anyone can believe that.

But it's hard to avoid the feeling that the amusement park ecosystem we're used to is contracting. It's hard not to feel there's doom here.

Trivia: An order of two thousand IBM cards cost US$3.60 in the early 1920s. By the early 1930s they were $4.20. Source: Before The Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry they Created, 1865 - 1956, James W Cortada.

Currently Reading: 100 Maps: The Science, Art, and Politics of Cartography Throughout History, Editor John O E Clark.

PS: Exploiting my A-To-Z Archives: Knot, which would really seem like something that doesn't need explaining, wouldn't it? Well, live and learn.


PPS: More hanging around the VFW.

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[profile] bunny_hugger playing the Apollo-Soyuz-themed Williams game Space Mission. The pile of papers next to her are stuff she had to grade because there were not enough days in the weekend to both spend a day at the VFW and get classwork done separately. I can't tell you how afraid I was that she'd lose something, but, she did never did.


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Spanish company Recel's 1975 game Check Mate, with a backglass that makes you wonder ... wait, why is the guy so miserable over a chess game? It is just a chess game, right?


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Emergency repairs on one of the older games. The VFW as a private club presses like all its members into service for repair work on open house events like this.


When we got to Clementon Park the first thing we went for was the Hellcat roller coaster. This might threaten to make the rest of the park anticlimactic, particularly as they haven't got another roller coaster, but [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger had heard tell of the roller coaster suffering a lot of downtime, and it was running right then, and it would be unspeakable to wait for the ride to break down before going over.

Hellcat's got a nice homegrown-style logo, showing a cat-faced plane made of fire, suggesting the fighter plane that gave it the name. [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger noted the name is probably a better one for this roller coaster than its original J2 for Jackrabbit 2: the coaster has a lot of swoopy, banked, curving paths, suggestive of the way a fighter plane might fly, rather than the quick leaps that suggest rabbits. We were able to walk on the ride, and went for the back seat, to notice that everyone else was gathering around the front. ``Do they know something we don't about this ride?'' [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger asked. The ride is a bit rougher in the backseat than the front, but I don't think it's dramatically so. The front seat offers a better view, it's to be admitted, especially since the coaster dives very close to the edge of the lake and that's always a beautiful sight. We'd take quite a few rides on the roller coaster, and be glad for all of them.

The exit queue drops people off in the midst of the picnic pavilions, inside the space enclosed by the coaster. This is curious because there was a table and a park guard checking that people entering that area from the midway had the wristband indicating they were part of the groups that had reserved pavilions. We have no explanation for why there's a need to limit entry on the ground when you can get to the same place by going through a ride.

The most interesting ride besides the roller coaster, I think, was the Victorian Railway, which is a simple narrow-gauge railroad which does putter around some of the edge of the park, including the outside of the Hellcat, and past a number of statues of wildlife, elephants and bears and lions and zebras and, what the heck, a giant bulldog. It feels like the quirkiest and most personable of the regular park attractions.

Clementon Park also has a log flume ride that's apparently well-regarded as these things go. It's called King Neptune's Revenge, with your classic rotating-platform launch platform, and it's a nice, long ride much of it over the lake. It's also got a pretty steep drop that got us very well soaked. We staggered out of the ride, soaked pretty much up to our shoulders, [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger worse than me, and ran into a group of people considering whether to ride it. ``Learn from our sins in life,'' I said, not loudly enough; one of them pointed to us and said, ``See, you don't get too wet on this ride!'' I think he talked some of them into going on King Neptune's Revenge. Maybe.

Someday [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger may forgive me for trying out the Thunderdrop ride. This was a tower ride, and I thought it was maybe one of those that launch you to a considerable height. It ran the other way, though, bringing you up and dropping as we'd probably have known if I had paid attention to the name or if we'd seen a ride cycle. She's not too fond of drop rides, and dropping from maybe sixty feet down wasn't her preferred method of riding, but, she survived and this might have been a good taste of dropping considering something which would come in a few days.

Clementon Park has a cute little kiddieland, a bit hard to see because the access to it is behind some buildings including the gift shop, but the whole thing is enclosed so it's probably very attractive in drizzly days. That's got some normal little flat rides where kids go in circles and make buzzing noises; it's also got a Safari Train ride that putters around in a small loop, which made us think of the Safari Train ride at Casino Pier, the last thing we'd ridden before our wristbands expired.

The park has a Ring Of Fire, which goes in a tight loop and gives you a lot of time upside-down at low speeds, which [livejournal.com profile] bunny_hugger does not like as a ride. But she liked the ride T-shirt they had in the gift shop, and by the way who makes a ride shirt for a Ring Of Fire, and felt that she couldn't buy it in good faith if she hadn't ridden the ride. I found a park shirt that includes what looks vaguely like heraldic symbols on the chest, naming the park and the Hellcat ride --- nicely enough --- as well as one of the water park rides. The roller coaster was easy enough; we wouldn't get to this water park ride.

But we did go to the water park. We'd got there kind of late in the day, so we didn't have time to do very much, but we'd brought our swimsuits just in case we felt like it. What we did have time for was the Endless River, a lazy river ride. Getting into the inflated doughnut was the worst part for me, since I tried pulling my legs up through the middle and went tumbling over backwards into the water, which is one way out of the problem of the water being not quite warm enough to wade into. Also I bonked my head on the concrete base of the river, though not enough to do me any lasting harm, I think. While we drifted some packs of kids came racing past us, because they weren't at the age where you can just be lazy in a river-like fashion, and the water park officially closed so we missed the other attraction on my park T-shirt: Torpedo Rush. Based on the appearance of the thing it's a drop tower that ends as a water slide. It looks unspeakable.

Still, there was an hour or so between the water park closing and the main park closing, so we had the chance to wander around some more, take photographs, and get a few more roller coaster rides in. We closed out the park at the too-early hour of 8 pm (they apparently don't have many lights, which is rather like Michigan's Adventure in that way), with a last ride on Hellcat, and we wandered around taking pictures for only ten minutes or so. For us, that's pretty restrained lingering.

Trivia: James Madison sent his 1814 State of the Union report to Congress less than four weeks after the British burned Washington, after calling Congress into session two months early. He noted the United States wanted only ``peace and friendship on honorable terms'' from Britain. Source: Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought The Second War Of Independence, A J Langguth.

Currently Reading: Empires Of The Word: A Language History Of The World, Nicholas Ostler.

The other thing in southern Jersey we really wanted to get to was Clementon Park. Indeed, my aunt had a couple times invited me to her place as a spot from which we could get to Clementon. This is a modest-sized park in Clementon, outside Camden, that dates back over a century but that went through a long period of suffering mightily from there being much bigger and better-capitalized parks in reasonable driving distance. That it was a trolley park for Camden can't have helped matters since, well, you've heard of Camden. About a decade ago the park lost its vintage 1919 roller coaster, the Jack Rabbit, mostly to its inability to maintain the wooden ride, and it stood as a surely depressing sight from 2003 to 2007. When my aunt suggested going to the park she also pointed out we should probably visit ``sooner rather than later'', always a dismal thing to hear.

We drove there from Soupy Island, managing to get lost a little bit in the thick of construction traffic (which also foiled us some in getting to Soupy Island for the start), and passing several examples of what Zippy the Pinhead aptly dubbed Self-Aware Diner Syndrome. I mean, this is already New Jersey; do we need a two-storey chrome-plated spot advertising that it's got all the sports channels on high definition TV?

And then we arrived at what the satellite navigator said was the address, and which was more a small church parking lot. Apparently the street names in the Clementon area are not as unique as one would like. To be fair, street names are inherently messy things; one of the address databases at work offers four alternate names for every road and it still doesn't capture the complexity of the state's road system. Fortunately the navigator also lets you search for nearby attractions, including for local Amusement Parks, and we weren't too far from it after all. We could see the place, a little less sooner than we hoped, but not too much later after all.

The thing is ... it sure didn't look like a doomed park, at least not when we visited. That was a decently warm day, sure, but it was also midweek and it'd been drizzling in the early afternoon. But the park also looked clean and well-maintained, and pretty solidly bustling. They got a new roller coaster --- with wooden tracks, though a steel support structure --- in 2004, and they've got, of course, a water park, Splash World. The park may be small --- Wikipedia credits it with 24 rides, plus seven water rides --- but it certainly seems lively.

But there's still evidence of the park having gone through a near-extinction event in the recent past. The park dates back to 1907, but you could not tell from anything there: the old roller coaster's long-since demolished, and the place lacks a wooden carousel, and the flat rides and children's attractions are all decent ones, in good shape, but nothing that old or that exotic. If you took someone to the park and told them it was built in 1990 they wouldn't have any reason to disbelieve you. The styles of the picnic pavilions, and that there are some awkwardly placed buildings that obscure Kiddieland from the main midway, would be about all that might give it away.

From what we heard of the park we were kind of expecting it to evoke Conneaut Lake Park to us. Clementon as it stands now might be a glimpse of the Brightest Timeline fate of Conneaut Lake, as the park was bought (in 2007) by Adrenaline Family Entertainment and then (in 2011) by Premier Attractions Management (which also operates Denver's New Elitch Gardens), and the place looks fresh-painted, open, pretty nicely kept. Several times over we mentioned that if they could buy Casino Pier's carousel then ... well, that'd be almost the best we could realistically hope for. So, yes, we found the park quite nice to be at.

Trivia: In its first months of aluminum production in 1888, Alcoa was able to make about fifty pounds of the metal per day. Two decades later it had to ship about 88,000 pounds per day to keep with demand. Source: The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales Of Madness, Love, and the History of the World From The Periodic Table of the Elements, Sam Kean.

Currently Reading: Empires Of The Word: A Language History Of The World, Nicholas Ostler.